Bipolar Disorder Essays (684 words) - Psychiatric Diagnosis

Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is perhaps one of the most tragic mood disorders, because it virtually taunts with the affected person's mind. Bipolar disorder (also known as manic-depressive disorder) is a mental condition in which the person alternates between feelings of mania and depression (Kalat, 614). These feelings are extreme opposites, and thus create tremendous mental and physical stress on the person affected. This unfortunate disorder affects one to two percent of the adult population. Before bipolar disorder can be fully understood, the two main mood stages must first be identified. During an endless bout with bipolar disorder, a person experiences many stages of mania and depression. Different symptoms of mania include an increase in energy or activity, rapid speech, excessive excitement, extreme irritability and distractibility, a decrease in the amount of sleep needed, uncommonly poor judgment, an increased sex drive, denial, overspending, and high-risk behavior. All of these symptoms may not be prevalent in a bipolar disorder patient; however, the more severe the case, the more likely all symptoms may occur. A depressed episode includes the opposite characteristics, including a persistent sad or empty feeling, decreased energy, loss of interest in activities normally enjoyed (sex), difficulty concentrating, change in appetite or body weight, and thoughts of suicide. There are also two less-severe stages a bipolar disorder patient may go through, which are mixed episodes and hypomanic episodes. A mixed episode contains characteristics of both manic and depressive stages occurring at the same time. Mixed episodes are the most difficult to treat, because different types of medicines are necessary for different episodes. A hypomanic episode is characterized by less severe, less constraining symptoms of mania. Doctors often overlook hypomanic episodes, which too often leads to misdiagnosing. When a person experiences a combination of four episodes within a year, the person is considered to be going through rapid cycling. There are two types of bipolar disorder. The first is considered the classic, more popular form, and is considered "Bipolar I Disorder." This version of the disorder is when the person goes through full manic or mixed episode, and usually also goes through episodes of complete depression. The second type of the disorder is Bipolar II Disorder, in which the person has had at least one hypomanic episode, and at least one complete depressive episode, yet never goes through a full manic or a full mixed episode. Treating a patient of bipolar disorder takes a while. Currently, doctors prescribe three different types of medication to bipolar patients: mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and antidepressants. Often times, patients need combinations of the drugs, which take a while to decipher, so it often takes about a month to find the correct prescription for someone. Mood stabilizers are mainly used for episodes of mania or hypomania, and sometimes for mixed episodes. Mood stabilizers are also utilized to suppress future manic breakouts. Lithium pills are a common medicine for the suppression of manic episodes, however it can be considered dangerous. If too little a dosage is taken, it is ineffective, and if too large a dosage is taken, blurry vision and nausea occurs. If used correctly Lithium pills can be very effective, and can fight off manic episodes for years at a time. Antipsychotic drugs are used to suppress severe manic breakouts, and act quickly. Antidepressants, not surprisingly, are prescribed during the depressive stage of bipolar disorder. Antidepressants include SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors), Tricyclics, MAOIs (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors), and Bupropoin. Usually, when an antidepressant in prescribed, a mood stabilizer is prescribed along with it, to prevent a possible sway from the depressive stage straight to a manic stage. If the prescribed medications do not work, and the case is severe, sometimes ECT (Electro convulsive Therapy) is used to shock the patient out of his or her depressed stage. Currently, scientists and psychotherapists are trying to determine how bipolar disorder is caused. Studies have determined that bipolar can run in families, so the disorder is genetic. Unfortunately, though, doctors have not yet found any other causes. Psychotherapists often do psychoanalyses of bipolar patients, to find if anything that occurred earlier in their lives led to the disorder, but no concrete evidence has yet been found. Bibliography Fagan, James W. Introduction to Psychology. California: Wadsworth, 1999. Long, Phillip W. Bipolar Disorder. Home page. Oct. 1994. http://www.mentalhealth.com What is Bipolar Disorder? Home page. www.bipolar.com/whatisBPD/intro.htm

Free Essays on The Young Life Of Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler’s young life and experiences would one day lead to the destruction he caused as the leader of the Nazi party. His movement would place great importance on a person’s family tree, even making it a matter of life and death. However, the supreme irony is that Hitler’s own grandfather was most likely Jewish. He would never, in truth, know who his grandfather was. Hitler’s father’s uncle had convinced Alois to change his name form Schicklgruber to Hiedler, to continue the family name. However, when it came time to write the name, it went down as Hitler. In 1885, Alois Hitler married the pregnant Klara Polzl. After four miscarriages, Hitler was born in 1889, in the small Austrian village of Branau Am Inn just across from the German Border. At age seven, the family moved to Lambach, an old town containing an old Catholic Benedictine monastery. The ancient monastery was decorated with carved stones and woodwork that contained swastikas. Adolf attended school there and saw them every day. Adolf did well in this school and singing in the choir during high mass left a very deep impression. One day, Hitler found books in his father’s collection having to do with the military. These included a picture book on the War of 1870-71 between the Germans and the French, he later admits that this book became an obsession. â€Å"It was not long before that great historic struggle had become my greatest spiritual experience. From then on, I became more and more enthusiastic about everything that was in any connected with war or, for that matter, with soldering.† Hitler stated in Mein Kampf. Playing cowboys and Indians gave way to battle re-enactments. However, when his little brother died at age six, Adolf, the b oy who loved war play and ‘pretend’ death now had to confront death for the first time. It appears to have shaken him badly. To make matters worse, the boy was buried in the cemetery behind his house, to ... Free Essays on The Young Life Of Adolf Hitler Free Essays on The Young Life Of Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler’s young life and experiences would one day lead to the destruction he caused as the leader of the Nazi party. His movement would place great importance on a person’s family tree, even making it a matter of life and death. However, the supreme irony is that Hitler’s own grandfather was most likely Jewish. He would never, in truth, know who his grandfather was. Hitler’s father’s uncle had convinced Alois to change his name form Schicklgruber to Hiedler, to continue the family name. However, when it came time to write the name, it went down as Hitler. In 1885, Alois Hitler married the pregnant Klara Polzl. After four miscarriages, Hitler was born in 1889, in the small Austrian village of Branau Am Inn just across from the German Border. At age seven, the family moved to Lambach, an old town containing an old Catholic Benedictine monastery. The ancient monastery was decorated with carved stones and woodwork that contained swastikas. Adolf attended school there and saw them every day. Adolf did well in this school and singing in the choir during high mass left a very deep impression. One day, Hitler found books in his father’s collection having to do with the military. These included a picture book on the War of 1870-71 between the Germans and the French, he later admits that this book became an obsession. â€Å"It was not long before that great historic struggle had become my greatest spiritual experience. From then on, I became more and more enthusiastic about everything that was in any connected with war or, for that matter, with soldering.† Hitler stated in Mein Kampf. Playing cowboys and Indians gave way to battle re-enactments. However, when his little brother died at age six, Adolf, the b oy who loved war play and ‘pretend’ death now had to confront death for the first time. It appears to have shaken him badly. To make matters worse, the boy was buried in the cemetery behind his house, to ...

Tourism situation analysis ( Qatar ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Tourism situation analysis ( Qatar ) - Essay Example With this study we will try to answer questions like: how will Qatar build upon its existing infrastructure and make tourism centric hotspots and venues in its cities? What are the predictions in tourism industry in Qatar? What is the average time frame that Qatar needs to follow while executing a tourism development plan? Which model or strategy in tourism development will help Qatar make fast progress? Qatar has a promising economic situation (Hong, 2008, 12), in which seventy percent of the revenue is derived from petroleum. Petroleum export is also a major constituent of their exports as it makes a solid 85 percent contribution in the export industry. Overall, Qatar has a bright prospect of turning into a tourism hotspot if it concentrates on building infrastructure and cities that attract tourists with appealing buildings and scenic locales. In 2009, the overall tourism revenue gathered by Qatar was estimated to be a total of USD 0.7 billion, which was way behind the UAE at USD 7.2 billion and Bahrain at USD 1.1 billion (Euromonitor International, 2010, p.2). Currently, Qatar wishes to build on its tourism infrastructure to be able to successfully host the football World cup in 2022, which makes it the first Arab country to be able to host such a prestigious global sports event. It had previously hosted the Asian Games in 2006 and has been successful in giving players and organ izers sufficient numbers of rooms and hospitality options. Today, Qatar is looking to attract investments in tourism, concentrating mainly on hotels, sports utilities and infrastructure, and hopes to utilize its existing plans to build around tourism industry in the meantime. The question that arises is will Qatar succeed to the level it has targeted or will it only lag behind the other Gulf States? Visitor Market – The most important section of tourists that visit Qatar regularly comprises business professionals who are flying

Films and Their Reflection of the Mid-Seventies Era Essay

Films and Their Reflection of the Mid-Seventies Era - Essay Example Films are at times influential and determinants of societal behavior. Film, therefore, is believed to be progressive forces in any society and is a reflection of that society. Analysis of â€Å"Rafaelson Five Easy Pieces† shows the effects of the film and the reflection of the mid-seventies era. The film reflected the social attitudes and values in the mid-seventies era. Even though, there are numerous aspects of the film that are progressive and â€Å"influential for the mid-seventies era, the film is a reflection of the social context of the 1970’s America†. A brief comparison of the film and other contemporary issues of the 1970’s era geys also made.  Films are at times influential and determinants of societal behavior. Film, therefore, is believed to be progressive forces in any society and is a reflection of that society. Analysis of â€Å"Rafaelson Five Easy Pieces† shows the effects of the film and the reflection of the mid-seventies era. T he film reflected the social attitudes and values in the mid-seventies era. Even though, there are numerous aspects of the film that are progressive and â€Å"influential for the mid-seventies era, the film is a reflection of the social context of the 1970’s America†. A brief comparison of the film and other contemporary issues of the 1970’s era geys also made.   Five Easy Pieces directed by Bob Rafaelson is among the greatest films of the Hollywood 1970’s golden era. In the film, the character of Bobby Dupea is the archetype of numerous heroes from that period.

Financial Management Individual Work 1 Week 12 Essay

Financial Management Individual Work 1 Week 12 - Essay Example One of the commonest features is that they at transferring production to individuals who are no longer involved in the process of production. This is a link between the present group of workers with the past workers who have reached the retirement age. Other features include the need for employees to be eligible in order to be part of a pensionable plan and varied statutory limitations that are related to the contribution and the benefit under the plan (Hustead, 2001). Another feature is that participants under the plan accrue contribution and upon attainment of the normal retirement age, they receive the vested portion of the benefits. Pension fund management involves investment of assets in order to achieve the long term goal of providing funding for retirement (Cohen, 2007). Because of the huge amount of importance that pension funds hold over the long term financial well being of the recipients, managing the fund has become very crucial in organizations. However, individuals who oversee pension funds face challenges that keep on evolving with changes in the business environment, for example, challenges driven by factors like national legislation. Another concern relates to good governance because funds need to be well run by skilled employees at the management level and there needs to be effective supervisory board. Lack of skilled employees increases the risk of mismanagement of funds which is depended on by the beneficiaries. Inflation has remained one of the major concerns when managing pension schemes. This is because pension schemes are usually exposed to a rise in inflation as most of the pension funds paid are inflation-linked. Managers need to find ways of dealing with inflation, for example, by hedging through investing in swaps and index-linked bonds. If these options are preferred, another challenge comes up where a question comes up as to whether a company wants to deal with inflation expensively because index-linked bonds and

Arc Welding Concept and Process

Arc Welding Concept and Process Arc welding is a process of the fusion welding processes which contains:- 1 Arc welding processes (non consumable electrodes) Gas tungsten arc welding Plasma arc welding Atomic hydrogen welding 2 Arc welding processes (consumable electrodes) Shielded metal arc welding Submerged arc welding Gas metal arc welding Flux cored arc welding Electro gas welding Electro slag welding 3 Electron beam welding 4 Laser beam welding The main concept of fusion welding is the partial melting and fusion of the joint between two members and a filler metals may be used. In the arc welding process, the heat required is obtained from electrical energy. An arc is produced between the tip of the electrode and work piece to be welded, by using an AC or a DC power supply. Shield metal arc welding (SMAW) is one of the oldest, simplest, and most versatile joining processes. About 50% of all industrial and maintenance welding currently is performed by this process. The electric arc is generated by touching the tip of a coated electrode against the work piece and withdrawing it quickly to a distance sufficient to maintain the arc. The heat generated melts a portion of the electrode tip, its coating and the base metal in the immediate arc area and this mixture forms the weld when it solidifies. Classification Of Arc Welding The arc welding classified into many types used in the industrial field each one have advantages and defects different from the other type, So that the user select the required type according to the requirements and the economy aspects. In the below figure we show for the classification of arc welding which appear in the industrial (3.1) Chart key SMAW: shield metal arc welding SAW: submerged arc welding TIG: tungsten inert gas arc welding MIG: metal inert gas welding PAW: plasma arc welding ESW: electro slag welding The above chart list for the types of the arc welding which used in the industrial fields. Advantages of arc welding There are some characteristic for the arc welding rather than the another methods to joining metals which it represent the advantages of the arc welding listed as below Strong and tight joining Cost effectiveness ( arc welding have low capital and running costs) Simplicity of welded structure design Figure 3.2: arc welding usage in the industry (http://64.78.42.182/sweethaven/BldgConst/Welding/lessonmain.asp?lesNum=4modNum=1) Principals And Definition Shield metal arc welding (SMAW) consider as process in which coalescence of metal produced by the heat which generated from the electric arc that it maintained between the tip of the consumable electrode and the base metal in the welding region. The next figures show the circuit used in the shield metal arc welding Power Supply The shield arc welding power source provides constant current (cc) it may be alternative current (Ac) or direct current (DC) depending on the electrode being used, but the best welding usually used the direct current (DC) as power supply for the circuit. The amount of power required to welding process calculated from the relation (P= IV) Where I represent the current V represent the voltages In the selection process for the power supply we notice that the voltage equal to constant value so that the current is the main parameters in the selection process which discussed in the next section Current Setting The amount of current needed to melt the work piece and the electrode tip depends on several factors as Type and position of the joint Work piece type and its thickness Electrode type and its diameter In facts most of welder select the current depending on the diameter of the used electrode which it measured from the inner section without the coated diameter as showing in the below figure: A basic guide of arc welding electrodes by Bruce Bauerlein http://www.metalwebnews.com/howto/weldrod.html http://www.weldershop.info/282/types-of-welding-electrodes/ Electrode The electrode used in (SMAW) process consist from metal rod coated in metal mixture called flux which gives off gases as it decomposes to prevent weld contamination , introduces deoxidizer to purify the weld , causes weld- protection slag and provides alloying elements to improve the weld quality. there are three types from the electrode used in (SMAW) process which discussed below. Fast fill electrode: this type from electrode designed to melt quickly so that the welding speed be maximized. This type used when we weld in the normal case in vertical welding so we can weld with high speed so we use this electrode type. Fast freeze electrode: this type from electrode designed to solidify quickly making welding in a variety of positions possible by preventing the weld pool from shifting. Intermediates electrodes : the commonly used type and it intermediate in two case melting and in freezing but if we weld with high speed with using this type we get poor quality so that this type is not suitable in case of high speed. The American welding society established system that used to assign electrodes by using four or five digital number. Covered electrodes made of mild steel or low alloy steel carry the symbol of (E) followed by their number. the first two . The first two or three digits of the number specify the tensile strength of the weld metal, in thousand pounds per square inch . The penultimate digit generally identifies the welding positions permissible with the electrode, typically using the values 1 (normally fast-freeze electrodes, implying all position welding) and 2 (normally fast-fill electrodes, implying horizontal welding only). The welding current and type of electrode covering are specified by the last two digits together. Example for electrode serial number E7018 E indicates electrode 70 indicates 70,000 psi tensile strength 1 indicates use for welding in all positions 8 indicates low hydrogen 2. Cables: there are two cables work cable which connected the base metal and the electrode cable which connected to the electrode one of them represent positive and the other represent the negative side this according to the polarity of the welding process Welding Trouble Shooting This section discuss to the trouble shooting may faced it during the welding speed as 1-Porosity: small cavities or holes resulting from gas pockets in weld metal. www.miller.com.pdf The porosity in welding it may be caused by the dirty on work piece and the corrective action to face it by Remove all grease, oil, moisture, rust, paint, coatings, slag, and dirt from work surface before welding. Excessive Spatter: scattering of molten metal particles that cool to solid form near weld bead as shown in the below figure. www.miller.com.pdf The main causes to excessive spatter is the current too high for electrode and it avoid by decrease current or select larger electrode. 3- Distortion: contraction of weld metal during welding that forces base metal to move. www.miller.com.pdf Distortion in the welding appear as result to excessive heat input. And there is many ways to solve this problem as Use restraint (clamp) to hold base metal in position Make tack welds along joint before starting welding operation. Select lower amperage for electrode. Increase travel speed Lack of Penetration: shallow fusion between weld metal and base metal. www.miller.com.pdf The lack of penetration appears as result for many causes as showing below: Possible causes Corrective action Improper joint preparation Material too thick. Joint preparation and design must provide access to bottom of groove. Improper weld technique. 1-Keep arc on leading edge of weld puddle. 2-Reduce travel speed. Insufficient heat input. Increase amperage. Select larger electrode and increase amperage Advantages Of Shield Metal Arc Welding The shield arc welding have main further that represent the advantages as below Strong and tight joining rather than the other methods Cost effectiveness (have low capital and running cost) The arc welding Simplicity of welded structures design May be mechanized and automated or manual in some duty Disadvantages Of Arc Welding The using of the shield metal arc welding lead to some defects as Internal stresses, distortion and change for the microstructure in the weld region Have harmful effects as radiation and fumes Application Of The Shield Arc Welding The arc welding it can be used in many applications as: Buildings and bridges structures Automotive, ship and aircraft constructions Pipe lines Tanks and vessels (2.2) Polarity: To introduce what the polarity means and the different type of the polarity, first of all the project will show what is the difference between AC and DC? AC And DC Current What Is The AC Current? It means alternating current. In this current the electric charge flow periodically reverses direction. The electric charge in this case will move for instance backward then it will reverse the direction again to move forward, then backward then forward over and over again. The waveform for alternating current is a sine wave. But sometimes in certain applications the waveform differs like square wave or triangular wave. Dc Current What Is The DC Current? It means direct current because the electric charge in direct current moves in a constant direction, and that is the difference between DC and AC. The DC could be produced by such sources like thermocouples, batteries and solar cells. We can use a rectifier which is a current-switching arrangement to obtain direct current from an alternating current. The concept of rectifier is containing electromechanical elements or electronic elements which allow current to flow only in one direction. AC And DC Welding Machines: The welder or welding machine is the power source that we used in arc welding. There are three basic types of weldingmachines used now which are rectifiers, motor- generators and transformers Motor generator welding machines (direct current welding machines): The motor generator could be powered by diesel, electrical or gasoline motor. We can use the gasoline and diesel motors in places where the electricity is not available or hard to reach it like deserts. With these machines we could generate either direct or alternating current. There are new and old machine types of these machines, the older type require reversing the cable connections in order to change the polarity. But in the new machines you can change the polarity from welding in the direct current mode to alternating current mode by turning a switch. Theadvantages of a (dc) welding generator: The main advantage of a direct-current (dc) welding generator is that you can weld with either reverse or straight polarity. Almost we can weld all ferrous and non-ferrous metals. We can use DC in practically all welding operations so we can consider that DC is most universal in application. The output of generators like rectifier and transformer a sets is not affected by normal variations in power line voltage. Diesel driven generators form self-contained units. Disadvantages of a (dc) welding generator: The initial cost is high The machine operation is noisy The maintenance cost is high AC transformers welding machines: The static-transformer type is the arc welding machines that we used in alternating current. As shown in the figure 2.18 The advantages of these types ofmachines are lightest, smallest and least expensive welders made. We can use 200, 300, and 400 ampere ratings for manual operation in industrialapplications. But in light industrial, job/shop and garage welding we could use machines with a 150-ampere rating. These types of transforms equipped with arc- stabilizing capacitors. The advantage of a (AC) transformer welding machine: The main advantage of (AC) transformer welding machine is the freedom from arc blow. The arc blow causes the arc to wander while you are using large coated electrodes or welding in corners on heavy metal. The arc blow often occurs when welding with direct current machines. Polarity What is the polarity? Polarity is the direction of the current flow in a circuit. There are two types of polarity reverse polarity and straight polarity. In the straight polarity the work piece is positive and the electrode is negative. The electrons move from the electrode to the work piece. In the reverse polarity the work- piece negative and the electrode is positive. The electrons move from the work piece to the electrode ac and dc current was briefly covered. The effect of polarity: The polarity affects the amount of heat which is going to the base metal. You can direct the amount of heat to where it is needed as per the application you working in by changing the polarity. If you want to direct the majority of heat toward the work piece, you must use straight polarity. That type of polarity being used in some welding situations when it is desirable to have more heat on the work piece because of its size to melt the base metal than the electrode. We can use straight polarity for all mild-steel, bare, or lightly coated electrodes. If you want to concentrate the heat on the electrode, you can use reverse polarity because in this type less heat is concentrated at the work piece which allow filler metal to cool faster, giving it greater holding power because of this reverse polarity is being used when you are making vertical and overhead welds. Reverse polarity could be used in the welding of nonferrous metals such as bronze, aluminum and nickel. Heat Affected Zone Heat affected zone definition. The heat affected zone (HAZ) represented by the area of base material subjected to the high heat in order to achieve the welding process. The area which subjected to change in its microstructure and mechanical properties. SMAW process give a highly heat concentration in specified region called (fusion zone), produced in the region of heat affected zone. To calculated the amount of heat in the HAZ the following formula used. Q =60 VI / 1000S Where Q = heat input (kj/mm), V = voltage (V), I = current (A), and S= welding speed (mm/ min). (2.10) The molten occur in the fusion region not in the heat affected zone. So that the HAZ heated to a high enough temperature for sufficient period that grain growth occurred. Heat affected zone is that location of the base metal which in it the mechanical properties and the microstructure have been affected by the heat of welding process. The heat affected zone is subjected to a complex thermal cycle (sudden heating followed by rapid cooling) in which all temperatures from the melting range of the metal down to much lower temperatures are involved and HAZ therefore consists of a series of graded structures ringing the weld bead. HAZ usually contains a variety of microstructures different from the remaining part from the base metal. The width of HAZ varies according to the welding process and technique; in arc welds it extends only a few mm from the fusion boundary, The HAZ in most metal welding process of normal structure welded in one run with coated electrodes that to classify it to four basic region. Classification And Designation The classification of electrodes is done by one of the three following categories: 1 Strength of the deposited weld metal 2 Current (ac or dc) 3 Types of coating The identification of electrodes is by numbers and letters as shown in the next table. Typical coated electrode dimensions are in the range of 150 to 460 mm (6 to 18 in.) in length, and 1.5 to 8 mm (1/16 to 5/16) in diameter. Specifications for electrodes and filler metals (including dimensional tolerances, quality control procedures, and processes) are published by the American welding society (AWS) and the American national standards institute (ANSI). Some specifications appear in the aerospace materials specifications (AMS) by the society of automotive engineers (SAE). Electrodes are sold by weight and are available in a wide variety of sizes and specifications. Electrodes Types And Choices When the choice of a suitable electrode is needed, many considerations are taken such as Quality of weld Penetration Used current whether AC or DC Crack resistant

Machiavelli?s View Of Human Nature Essay example -- essays research pa

Machiavelli’s view of human nature. Machiavelli has long been required reading for everyone intrested in politics and power. In The Prince Niccolo M achiavelli presents a unique view on governing a state. Machiavelli believes the ruling Prince should be the only authority that should determine every aspect of the state and put in effect a policy which would serve his best interests. These interests were gaining, maintaining, and expanding his political power. (Machiavelli,5). His understanding of human nature was a complete contradiction of what everyone believed and taught. Machiavelli strongly promoted a physical society and felt morality was not necessary but in fact stood in the way of an effectively governed principality. (Machiavelli,5). Although in some cases Machiavelli's suggestions seem harsh and immoral one must remember that these views were derived from his concern for the welfare of his country. At Machiavelli's time everyone believed that an individual had much to offer to the well being of the state, Machiavelli was quick to mock human nature. He truly believed that humans are not ready to serve their country unless there is a special benefit to them as individuals. Machiavelli further goes on to question the loyalty of the citizens and advises the Prince that men never keep their word to you so you should never keep youre word to them. (Machiavelli,6). However, Machiavelli did not feel that a Prince should mistreat the citizens. This suggestion is only to serve the Prince's best interests. If a prince can not be both feared and loved, Machiavelli suggests, it would be better for him to be feared by the citizens within his own principality. He makes the generalization that men are, "ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers they shun danger and greedy for profit†.(Machiavelli, 54). He characterizes men as being self centered and not willing to act in the best interest of the state. When the ruler is in danger they turn against him. Machiavelli reinforces the prince's need to be feared by stating: â€Å" Men worry less about doing an injusry to one who makes himself loved than to one who makes himself feard. For love is secured by a bond of gratitude which men, wretched creatures that they are, break when it is to their advantage to do so; but fear is strengthened by a dread of punishement which is always effective.†... ...w Italy beseeches God to send someone to save her from those barbarous cruelties and outrages; see how eager and willing the country is to follow a banner, if someone will raise it.18 Although Italy had become the center of intellectual, artistic and cultural development, Machiavelli did not feel these qualities would help in securing Italy's political future. His opinion was that Italy required a leader who could have complete control over Italy's citizens and institutions. One way of maintaining control of was to institute a secular form of government. This would allow the prince to govern without being morally bound. Machiavelli's view of human nature was not in accord to that of humanists who felt that an individual could greatly contribute to the well being of the society. Machiavelli, however felt that people generally tended to work for their own best interests and gave little obligation to the well being of the state. Although Machiavelli doubted that this form of government could ever be established it did appear several years after he wrote The Prince. Machiavelli has become to be regarded as "the founder of modern day, secular politics."